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  Isaac Newton, in full Sir Isaac Newton, (born December 25, 1642, Wools Thorpe, Lincolnshire, England died March 20, 1727, London), English physicist and mathematician, who was the culminating figure of the Scientific Revolution of the 17th century.  In optics, his discovery of the composition of white light integrated the phenomena of colours into the science of light and laid the foundation for modern physical optics.  In mechanics, his three laws of motion, the basic principles of modern physics, resulted in the formulation of the law of universal gravitation. In mathematics, he was the original discoverer of the infinitesimal calculus.  Newton’s Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, 1687) was one of the most important single works in the history of modern science. In the Principia, Newton formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation that formed the dominant scientific viewpoint for centuries until...