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  The history of science is a long journey through time, filled with amazing discoveries, big changes in thinking, and important shifts in how people understand the world.  From those very first questions the Greeks would have asked themselves to the great breakthroughs in modern science, each era has contributed to the huge pool of knowledge we hold today.  The evolution of the scientific idea from Ancient Greece up to the present time is closely examined here. #1 Ancient Greece: The Birthplace of Natural Philosophy Ancient Greece is seen to be the cradle of Western science.  Rather than continuing myths as explanations for the phenomena of nature, Greek philosophers began to seek rational causes, thus laying the primitive roots of science. Thales of Miletus (c. 624–546 BCE): frequently considered to be the first philosopher and scientist, Thales posited that water was the basic substance of all matter.  This became the starting point for any natural explanatio...

  Sun is a wonderful central star of our solar system, which contains various parameters and sizes, all of which are impressive.  Let’s explore it in detail: #1 Basic Facts and Composition: Age and Formation: Sun is approximately 4600 million years old and it is from a glowing mass of dust and gas called the solar nebula.  In fact, astronomers estimate that it has enough fuel to burn for another five billion years, at which time it will turn into a red giant. Size and Mass: About 1.39 million kilometers or 109 times the diameter of the Earth, the Sun is one of the largest stars known.  Its mass is approximately 330000 greater than the mass of the Earth составляя 99.86% отtotal masses of the solar system. Composition: A blend of mostly hydrogen (approximately 74%) and helium (about 24%) dissolved in tiny amounts of oxygen, carbon, neon and iron. #2 Structure and Layers: Core: The Sun’s nucleus is the center of nuclear fusion where temperature is known to rise to 15 mi...

  Vaccines have been one of the strongest tools in modern medicine.  Vaccines are responsible for preventing countless deaths, and with it, diseases that could easily have spiraled out of control have been controlled and/or eradicated.  Due to the massive impact it has had on the world, vaccine science must be developed based on a very complex comprehension of immunology, microbiology, and molecular biology.  The process of vaccination stimulates the human body's immune system against infectious disease-causing agents such as bacteria and viruses.  The current review now undertakes a detailed overview of vaccines-how they work, types of vaccines, the ensuing immune response, development, and their impact on public health. #1 The Basics of Immunity: How Vaccines Work The vaccines have been devised to utilize and augment the body's natural immune response-a very complicated defense system which protects against pathogens.  Immunity can be either innate or ada...

  CRISPR, or Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats, is a revolution in the area of genetic engineering.  CRISPR-Cas9 technology was developed from what used to be an immune system of bacteria that enables scientists today to "edit" genomes with extraordinary precision and simplicity.  Here's an overview of CRISPR's role in genetic engineering: #1 How CRISPR Works in Genetic Engineering: The CRISPR-Cas9 System: CRISPR-Cas9 is a tool from bacteria, where it works as a defense mechanism against viruses.  It consists of two major components: the Cas9 protein acts as "molecular scissors" that cut DNA, while a guide RNA directs Cas9 to the exact DNA sequence to be edited. Gene Targeting and Editing: Researchers engineer the guide RNA with a sequence complementary to a target sequence within the genome.  When introduced into a cell, Cas9 uses the guide RNA to locate and then precisely cut the target sequence.  This triggers the repair machinery...